Political Issues In The Presidential Election Of 1960 History Essay

Political Issues In The Presidential Election Of 1960 History Essay In this paper, there will be an examination of the main political issues in the presidential election of 1960. This paper will also inform the reader of what influenced voters and factors such as the nations and the candidates past history, the image of the candidates and priming that took place during this campaign, and also how fraudulent voters had an effect on this election. To begin, the 1960s are known as the era of youth. Seventy million children from the post-war baby boom became teens and young adults. There was movement away from the conservative 1950s to a more revolutionary way of thinking. This was a time of change in lifestyles, entertainment, education and laws. The Supreme Court decided that prayer in public schools was unconstitutional. Political arenas and social issue out breaks formed over the chaos of race and a push for equality and black unity. College campuses became the center of debates and protest, from the civil rights movement supporting black activists such as Martin Luther King, Jr. with peaceful protest to Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael representing Black Nationalism and the Black Panther Party. The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during this period to become recognized as the oppressed minority, and the American Indian population who were unemployed formed violent riots. The Cold War had no definite start date, though it began as WWII was ending in Europe. When the United States dropped atomic bombs on two cities of Japan, it forced the Japanese government to surrender, signifying the end of conflict in the Pacific. The ending of WWII led to United States and the Soviet Union (Russia) engaging in an arms race. The Soviets were unhappy with the United States as their former allies and were unwilling to share atomic technology, thus leaving the United States to use information-gathering techniques otherwise known as spy planes. The 1960s shadowed one of the great embarrassments to the United States that encouraged a marked relapse in its relations with the Soviet Union, the U-2 spy plane episode. An American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The United States was forced to admit the planes role as a secret surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government beared its remains and surviving pilot. Along with spy, planes there were many oth er issues the United States had been involved in during this time with other countries (Goldman, Lillian). At the end of World War II, fears of a communist subversion also heightened as Fidel Castro led the transformation of Cuba into a one party socialist republic and Cubas revolutionary government became economically and militarily dependent on the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. When United States military intelligence discovered the weapons, the U.S. government did all it could to ensure the removal of the missiles. The Space Race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in the exploration of outer space. It involved revolutionary efforts to launch artificial satellites, send man into space, and land him on the moon. The Space Race took place during the Cold War and had its start in the missile-based arms race between the two nations. It effectively began with the Soviet launch of the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957 (Goldman, Lillian). Moreover, the election of 1960 began. The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D. Eisenhowers two terms as President. Eisenhowers Vice President was Richard Nixon, who was now running himself for the Republican nomination, along with New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, while the Democrats nominated Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, Texas Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, Missouri Senator Stuart Symington, Former governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson, and Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey. The electoral vote was the closest since the election between T. Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey and Charles Hughes of New York in 1916 where Wilson edged out Hughes by a margin of 277 to 254. The electoral vote totals in the election of 1960 were not as close with Kennedys 303 to Nixons 219 (Carney, Francis M). In the popular vote, Kennedys victory was among the closest ever in American history. Kennedy garnered 49.7% of the popular vote while Nixon held 49.6% . However, an election is not based on the popular vote but the electoral vote. The electors actually cast the vote, meaning a president without the popular vote can be elected president. The 1960 election is still of great debate historically among many people as to whether voter fraud in selected states benefited Kennedys victory, which was one of the major issues within this election. The election consisted of 531 electoral votes plus the addition of 2 U.S. Senators votes and 1 U.S. Representatives vote from both Alaska and Hawaii. On January 3 and August 21 of 1959, Alaska and Hawaii were granted statehood allowing the states to participate in their first presidential election. This was merely only one of the firsts during the election. This was also the first election where a candidate carried more than half the states (Nixon with 26) but lost the presidency, and it was the first election in which the four debates were nationally televised which is another major factor resulting to Kennedys victory. Accepting the nomination before a crowd of 75,000 people in Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Senator Kennedy introduced (4President Corporation). The New Frontier of the 60s. We stand today on the edge of a new frontier the frontier of the 1960s a frontier of unknown opportunities and perils a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. This resulted in the Democratic slogan, And so, my fellow Americans: Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country(4President Corporation). Kennedys campaign promises amounted to many as he recognized the nation as having fallen behind the Soviet Union in the Cold War militarily and economically and promised to get America moving again. He recognized the fear of becoming a communist country and promised to fight against it. He identified himself with the liberal form tradition of the Democratic Party of Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman and promised a new surge of legislative innovation in an attempt to win the vote of conservative Catholics and to show he encouraged the civil rights movement. Kennedy supported a higher minimum wage, increased unemployment compensation, a broader federal housing program, and safer working conditions. He assured farmers of a fair share of national income; his surplus food distribution and food-for-peace bills received wide support from both urban and rural organizations. As Senator, Kennedy drafted a 10-point plan to provide older people with housing, medical care, and recreational faci lities. He also sponsored a bill to provide for hospital, nursing, and medical care for older citizens (4President Corporation). In addition, as Chairman of the Government Operations Subcommittee, Kennedy guided The Hoover Commission bill, which estimated to ultimately save the taxpayers $4 billion annually (4President Corporation). Aside from his promises, Kennedy was a member of the Senate Rackets Committee. This committee battled relentlessly to free American labour and management from racketeers, hoodlums, and union busters. Senator Kennedy also spent four years in the military services and fourteen years in Congressional service, thus familiarizing himself with several branches of the U.S. Government (4President Corporation). Kennedys candidacy was controversial because no Roman Catholic had ever been elected president. However, Kennedy was aware of the dangers of mixing religious and political organizations. He strongly promoted the separation of church and state: It is my firm belief that there should be separation of church and state as we understand it in the United States that is, that both church and state should be free to operate, without interference from each other in their respective areas of jurisdiction (letter to Glenn L. Archer, 23 February 1959). Also initially criticized by some Democratic Party elders, including former President Harry Truman, Kennedy was viewed as too youthful and inexperienced to be President; these critics suggested that he should agree to be the running mate for a more experienced Democrat. Despite the criticism, Kennedy continued his run for presidency and selected Lyndon Johnson to be his running mate. In contrast, Kennedys opponent Richard Nixons campaign promised to campaign in all fifty states; he also pledged to keep the federal government from dominating the free market economy in the lives of the American people. He promised he was not going to join the parade of those who promise to spend more while ignoring the reality of the present situations. He acknowledged that the cost of living was rising and more government spending would only add to inflation, hurting those people it was meant to help. He indicated a budget cut, not increase, and suggested it would be an act of total irresponsibility to promise additional federal billions that were simply not available. Nixon promoted and encouraged tax cuts and presented a plan for economic growth and deficit reduction that appealed to many. Nixon also wanted to make considerable progress toward balancing the federal budget so that millions of Americans could make possible balancing their family budgets and promised to not neglect education (4President Corporation). Like Kennedy, Nixon had military time. Nixon joined the Navy to serve in World War II, rising to become a lieutenant commander and resigning in 1946. In 1947, he was elected a U.S. Representative. In addition, in 1950 he became a U.S. Senator, where he worked until being selected as Eisenhowers running mate in 1953, becoming one of the youngest Vice Presidents in American history. This contributed to Nixons presidential campaign in 1960, when he chose Henry Cabot Lodge to run as his Vice President (4President Corporation). Candidates tend to focus their electoral campaigns either on policy issues or on personal images. Social psychologists idea of priming stresses a notionally conceivable campaign strategy for treating image and issues as interconnected strategic concerns. Evidence suggests that Kennedy deliberately used these popular strategies to shape the electorates standards for evaluating his personal attributes rather than to win over helpful maximizing voters (The Structure of Electoral Politics 362). Sneaky unclear policy positions and attractive personal images of strength, boldness, competitiveness, honesty, and trustworthiness, project a favourable personal attribute and image. How ever, this is a risky strategy for holding together a party base and attracting wavering voters. Priming is a way to understand the unification of image and issues in campaign strategies. This process suggests that candidates use popular policy issues to influence the electorates standards for evaluating their personal attributes. Priming focuses public attention on certain topics and provides the main basis for evaluation. Because mass media provides individuals with much information, it can be considered a priming stimulus. The message communicated through and by the media during an election significantly influences the attitudes and information that are likely to be retrieved and incorporated into voters judgments (Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming 528). During the Kennedy campaigns, Louis Harris, polling engineer and conductor serving on the Kennedy strategy committee, used inventive public opinion surveys to heighten the interest and skill in using position taking to shape the candidates image taking limited information about voters policy preferences. Harris devoted a section of his surveys to tracking and analysing the publics image of Kennedys personality and his job performance. Kennedys aides carefully tracked their candidates image and attempted to identify his perceived personal characteristics that were considered unfavourable. The campaign wanted to identify issues that both appealed to party activists and responded to the concerns of the centrist voters (Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming 529). The campaign introduced major innovations in terms of number, structure, and political use of opinion polls. Campaigns draw on analysis of individual perceptions and distinctions between availability and accessibility of public information and attitudes. Kennedys campaign objective was to use priming to construct an image that would be noticeably different from Nixons. They decided to fashion a move- ahead image for Kennedy to demonstrate a large difference between the Republican and Democratic candidates. The campaign used popular policy issues as part of a priming strategy, along with salient accessible issues in order to construct an appealing image of the candidate as competent and caring. Priming is supported in evidence found in records and interviews, as well as in a combination of both interpretive and quantitative analysis (Identifying the Persuasive Effects of Presidential Advertising 960). His campaign polls were based on personal interviews with large representative sampl es in separate states. Many of the states were polled at multiple occasions. There were sixty-six polls during the primary and general election campaign; twenty-six of them were between September and November, meaning that the polls were bunched into six weeks. The questions what is the most important problem? and what do you think can be done? measure the importance of an issue, which tells how a particular policy area is ranked compared to other issues (Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming 530). Kennedy cautiously reacted to the area divisions and the public opinion; in terms of the Democratic Party, Kennedy was thoroughly guided by polling on voters concerns. His success in using this strategy confirms the role of competitive elections and leadership selection. Public opinion became more influential during and after the nationally televised debates. The first debate was over domestic issues. Questions were asked of both Nixon and Kennedy to address their position on farm surpluses, expanding welfare programs for schools, teacher salaries, medical care, reducing the federal debt, and their opinion on communist threats to our national security. An estimated 80 million viewers watched the first debate. TV viewers believed Kennedy had won; he was well rested before the first debate and appeared tanned, confident, and relaxed during the debate. In contrast, Nixon insisted on campaigning until just a few hours before the first debate and had not completely recovered from his hospital stay for his knee injury, thus looking pale and sickly, as well as underweight and tired. Resulting from his refusal to wear makeup for the first debate, his beard stubble showed particularly on the eras black-and-white TV screens. Radio listeners believed Nixon had won. However, after the debate had ended, polls showed Kennedy moving from a slight shortfall into a slight lead over Nixon (Vancil, David L., and Sue D. Pendell). The second debate addressed issues dealing with the defence of two small islands off the Chinese mainland named Quemoy and Matsu, civil rights, and the U-2 flight incident. Political observers at the time believed that Nixon had won this debate as well as the third debate, which was also based on the Quemoy and Matsu island problem and questions over the US economy. The fourth debate was considered the strongest of the four debates by both candidates but was still seen as a draw. This debate focused on nuclear weapon testing and foreign policies (Kraus, Sidney). On October 2, 1960, during a sit-in in Atlanta, Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested and sentenced to a four-month term in prison. He was taken to the state prison at Reidsville, Georgia. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy called Coretta Scott King to express sympathy. Kennedy then contacted Georgias Governor Ernest Van diver seeking Kings release from Reidsville Prison. King was released after eight days in jail. This ultimately resulted in Kennedy receiving more black votes and more votes from northern/Midwestern cities. On the contrary, Nixon remained uninvolved in this issue. Eisenhower was a strong supporter of Nixon throughout the election. He made strong campaigns for Nixon and began a tour on behalf of the Republican candidate over the last ten days before elections, which lead to a boost leaving Nixon and Kennedy at a tie. The support of Eisenhower resulted in rural suburban areas in the Midwest favouring Nixon. Although, when President Eisenhower was asked to give one example of a major idea of Nixons that he adopted, his reply was, If you give me a week I might think of one. I dont remember,(Eleanor Roosevelt, John Kennedy, and the Election of 1960). which ended up damaging Nixons campaign. When regarding fraud in this election, the first issue addressed are the claims made that mobster Giancana had connections with the Kennedy family and is believed to have influenced the election in Illinois and assisted in Kennedys defeat of Nixon. Giancana and Kennedy also were believed to be sharing the same mistresses and passing information to each other through her. At the end of the election, Kennedy was also accused of voter fraud in states and counties including Fannin County and Angelina County, Texas, where more votes were casted then registered. Fraudulent voters were accused in Cook County, and Chicago, Illinois, as well. Kennedy won Hawaii and Illinois; he carried twelve states total, including all northeast and southern states except for North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas. Kennedy also carried California; however, he lost the state to Nixon. Nixon won California and carried six states, all but three western states including California, and Ohio, which was his biggest victory. Nixon also carried Hawaii, although he ended up losing the state to Kennedy after absentee ballots were counted. Nixons campaign staff encouraged a recount in Illinois, Missouri, and New Jersey, but Nixon declined. Eventually Nixons chairman challenged eleven stated to be recounted, but the only overturned state was Hawaii. Respectfully, Richard Nixon refused to call for any recounts or investigations, under the sham that such an action might cause a constitutional crisis. Moreover, influences in the presidential election of 1960 that affected the electoral behaviour consisted of the issues shadowing from World War II, the issues ahead leading into the Cold War and political movements within the nation, the use of priming, and the suspicion of fraud during the election.

Hetrogenetiy of Problem Behavior in Male Adoloscents Essay

Often an incorrect interpretation or prognosis of an abnormal or extraordinary behavior pattern can draw the line between what is normal and acceptable, and what can suddenly be classified as a disorder or a disease. This paper aims to study the similarities between certain behaviors, and what factors can acts as differentiators between the two. The paper also emphasized how critical correct assessment is for correct prognosis, and that a treatment may thus, vary greatly from one disorder to another. Key concepts including â€Å"delinquency†, â€Å"antisocial behaviour†, â€Å"conduct disorder†, â€Å"conduct problems† and â€Å"externalising behaviour disorders† are often used interchangeably, however these concepts are far from identical (Connor, 2004). These are different definitions from different perspectives of psychology such as juvenile justice, clinical diagnostic/medical settings, psychometrics, and personality/social psychology in order to have a more complete understanding of antisocial behaviour and other related behaviours (Connor, 2004). Disorders that bear similar symptoms Antisocial behaviors are any acts that violate social rules and the basic rights of others. They include conduct intended to injure people or damage property, illegal behavior, and defiance of generally accepted rules and authority, such as truancy from school. These antisocial behaviors exist along a severity continuum. Disruptive Behaviour Disorder is used to describe a set of externalizing negative behaviour that co-occur during childhood; and which are collectively known as: â€Å"Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behaviour Disorders† as outlined in the referred to collectively in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The following are three subgroups of externalizing behaviors: †¢ Oppositional Defiant disorder (ODD) †¢ Conduct Disorder (CD) †¢ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Conduct Disorder is aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and other serious social rule violations. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is characterized by negativistic, hostile, and defiant behaviors, such as losing one’s temper, arguing, defying rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for one’s behavior, and displaying anger or vindictiveness (Childhood Antisocial Behavior and Adolescent Alcohol Use Disorders). ADHD A mental disorder of childhood is at least three times as common in boys as in girls, characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Brief History of Disorder classification In the medieval times, any deviation from norm was dealt with contempt, and any extraordinary behavior shown by people were said to be possessed by an evil spirit. Later, following Darwin’s theory of human evolution, Morel’s idea of degeneration was used to explain criminal behaviour. According to this concept, criminals were less evolved than normal human beings and that all psychopaths exhibited some degree of criminal behaviour. Physician and phrenologist Carl Otto (1824) was the one who initiated the evolvement of the term psychopathy. Although his method was scientifically invalid, he started the trend of what would be called psychopathy as a set of personality traits. The term â€Å"psychopathic† was first used by J. L. Koch (1891) to describe personality disorders as a result of biological causes. K. Birnbaum (1909) first used the term â€Å"sociopathy†, because it was felt that environmental factors were causes of the personality. Now, psychopathy, as defined by Hare’s revised Psychopathy Checklist, is associated with both personality traits and overt behaviour. (Source: How Does Conduct Disorder correlate with Phsychopathy) What are the factors in the patient’s history that will help determine whether the adolescent has a certain disorder or he is simply â€Å"acting out, and will eventually outgrow such behaviours Most of these disorders are generally and holistically classified as antisocial behavior. Antisocial behaviors tend to be consistent across social settings, such as school and home environments (Dishion et al. 1995). Although the inclination towards serious antisocial behaviors is quite steady across the lifespan, the manifestations of this propensity vary according to developmental stages. This concept has been termed â€Å"heterotypic continuity† (Moffitt 1993, extracted from Childhood Antisocial Behavior and Adolescent Alcohol Use Disorders ). For example, antisocial behavior that is interpreted as irritability and impulsivity in younger children may become criminal behavior once these children reach adolescents or adulthood. Antisocial behaviour is a heterogeneous phenomenon and encompasses a wide variety of behaviours and definitions as mentioned above. One way to distinguish subtypes of antisocial behavior is from the developmental perspective where current classification system (APA, 1994; Lahey et al. , 1998) and developmental pathways (Hinshaw, Lahey, & Hart, 1993; Loeber, 1990; Moffitt, 1993; Nagin, Farrington, & Moffitt, 1995; Patterson, Capaldi, & Bank, 1991; Shaw, Bell, & Gilliom, 2000) feature two different subtypes of antisocial behaviour: child-onset (also early-starter, aggressive-versatile) and adolescent-onset (late-onset, non-aggressive). This paper focus on adolescent on-set behavior, from the perspective of developmental pathways. Despite the extent of information gathered on Psychopathy, little is known about its developmental nature. Presumable, there are certain risk factors or distinct developmental pathways which correlate them to other groups of delinquents. Knowledge of such developmental risk factors will greatly enable psychologists and researchers related to this field to deal with the serious problem of Psychopathy. Some risk factors of psychopathy include a history of abuse, parental antisocial characteristics and related factors. It is also widely believed that phsychpathy is manifested at a young age (Hare 1991, Hart and Hare 1997, extracted from Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy). However this does not mean that psychopathy manifested in adulthood has been developing in an early age. Certain risk factors are identified in the assessment and prognosis of a disorder. Risk factors are generally associated with earlier events or conditions that are associated with a negative outcome which has been caused or influenced (McBride, Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998). This includes factors which act within the environment of the individual, and may be casually or indirectly linked to a negative outcome are also referred to as risk factors. Thus, serious assessment of anti-social behavior in an early and timely intervention may be able to mediate these risk factors. Loeber and Stothamer Lober (1996) indicate that these conditions are cumulative and may lead to ‘stacking’, and may become resistant to change if not interrupted or mediated (Moffit 1990). It is important to understand that dynamic or changeable risk factors (such as knowledge about a childhood aggressive condition) are important in early identification of an adolescent disorder. Factors such as poor parenting or poor parental monitoring are important to be identified at an early age and thus can be monitored and treated, preventing it from becoming a an aggressive and adolescent delinquency in the future (Loeber and Stothamer Lober 1986). These factors are mutable through treatment, and prevents the accumulation of antisocial behavior in aggressive adolescents (Kazdin 1987). Twentieth century theorists report that parental care is a key characteristic in the development of child behavior. Theorists have suggested that poor family attitudes and interactions fail to provide the attachments that could leverage children into socialized life-styles (e. g. , Hirschi, 1969). Poor home environments manifest antisocial characteristics in their children and associate them with disengaging themselves from their environment (e.  g. , Sutherland and Cressey, 1974). Reports based on two adolescents studies have addressed this issue. Both studies have used data collected by the Youth in Transition project from adolescents at ages 15 and 17 years (Bachman and O’Malley, 1984). Delinquency related to parent-adolescent interaction was studied by Liska and Reed (1985); their analyses suggest that attachment or interaction with parents inhibits delinquency, which in turn, promotes school attachment and stronger family ties. Wells and Rankin (1988) considered the effectiveness of various dimensions of direct control on delinquency; their analyses suggest that restrictiveness, but not harshness, inhibits delinquency, however these studies do have their limitations as they were made using the same database, but none of the same parameters to conclude the relationship between the variables (adolescent studies from Youth in Transition project extracted from Mc Cord Family Relationships, Juvenile Delinquency, And Adult Criminality). Many suggest that psychopathy disorders, such as antisocial behavior, are also genetically inherited (Hare 1993.  Forth and Burke 1998, Lykken 1995, (source: Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998). Parents who are psychopathic also behave violently towards their children, thus instilling seeds of similar behavior into them. Children who have displayed signs of aggressiveness also may not culminate into aggressive adolescents with disorders or psychopathy as suggested by studies done by White, Moffits, Earls, Robins and Silva, 1990 (Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998). Aggression in a proportion of boys emerges early in life and is usually accompanied by ODD symptoms (Loeber et al.  , 2000, extracted from Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I). DSM-IV prescribes that the diagnosis of CD should not be made when behaviors are in reaction to their immediate external environment or influences, an example would be of an aggressive adolescent living in a high-crime area (Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I). There is a consensus among delinquency studies of both official and self-report data, showing an increase from childhood through adolescence in the prevalence of nonaggressive CD behaviors (Achenbach et al.  , 1991; Stanger et al. , 1997); these include behaviors such as theft, breaking-and-entering, and fraud (e. g. , Loeber and Farrington, 1998; Loeber et al. , 1998a). More studies show that the prevalence of clandestine conduct problems increases from childhood through adolescence (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 1998). However, studies also give evidence that certain forms of aggression (such as physical aggression) has shown to decrease during the same period (Lahey et al. , 1998; Loeber and Hay, 1997; Loeber et al., 1991). However, more violent forms of aggression, such as robbery, rape, and attempted or completed homicide, tends to develop more during adolescence (Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I) What are the important factors that the clinician should assess? Often during clinical assessment, when investigation is conducted, external factors and information from parents and key influencers are extracted to determine the behavior of children and adolescents. It is, however, important to understand that children and youth in subject are essential informants regarding CD because their covert acts are not always noticed by adults. It is essential to combine the important informants diagnosis and results to establish the correct diagnosis and assessment, however much of this is missing. Even minor changes or difference in diagnostic criteria can produce large variations in prognosis leading to incorrect assessment and treatment of disorders. A comparison of DSM-1II and DS2v1-III-R diagnoses on the same sample showed that between DSM-III and DSM-III-R ODD became 25% less prevalent and CD became 44% less prevalent (Boyle et al. , 1996; Lahey et al. , 1990 extracted from: Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I). Diagnostic Assessment The assessment of Conduct Disorder, for example, requires collecting data from multiple informants, such as parents, teachers, colleagues, in different settings using varying methods over time, in order to develop more realistic assessment and information about the subject in question. Contact with medical, school, social service, and juvenille justice personnel should be established to obtain more realistic informationd . A history of the patient should be gathered including the patient’s prenatal and birth history, substance abuse by the mother, maternal infections, and medications taken during as well as post-pregnancy. The adolescents’ history should cover problems of attachment, temperament, aggression, oppositional behavior, attention, and impulse control . Complete investigation of any physical and sexual abuse, both as a victim and perpetrator, should be dealt with in detail. DSM-IV target symptoms, and the course of their development, should be reviewed. The quality and quantity of peer relationships should be assessed . Obtaining information about the patients’ performance at school is imperative. Data from intelligence testing, achievement test, academic performance, extra-curricular behavior, and interaction as well as other behavioral reports should be gathered and analyzed. Referral for intelligence testing, speech and language assessment, testing for learning disability, and neuro-psychiatric testing may further help in establishing relevancy of the diagnosis and further prognosis and assessment. Family assessment is an essential part of the evaluation and should include details of the family’s stlye of coping and dealing with situations; socioeconomic status of the family as well as history of social and economic stressors, social support, rehabilitation etc should be obtained. How the parent has been dealing with adolescent, managing his behavior, and addressing the disorder’s relevance to the adoloscents’ life should be investigated. Any sign of parent’s harshness towards the adoloscent, abuse/neglect, and any abnormal inconsistency should be noted. A history of family antisocial behaviors, including incarceration, violence and physical or sexual abuse of the patient or other family members should be investigated as all of these have effects on the adolescents’ ultimate behavior and development. The family should be screened for any history of ADHD, CD, substance use disorders, specific developmental disorders (i. e. , learning disabilities), or any other personality disorders. Also included are any information on adoptions and placements in foster care and institutions and any behavior experienced there by the patient. An evidence of a physical evaluation specifically within the last twelve months is necessary for prognosis. Physical condition including pulse rate is useful or any medical history is important so that treatment can be planned accordingly. Other medical and neurological conditions, with especial focus on central nervous system (CNS) pathology (head injury, seizure disorder, or other CNS illness), chronic illnesses, etc should be evaluated. Any other relevant medical examinations should be conducted during the assessment. As mentioned above an interview with the patient, which can precede the parental interview, should cover the same aspects that are covered in the interview with the family; these include family history, the patient’s personal substance use and sexual history (including sexual abuse of others). DSM-IV target symptoms may be detected by interviewing parents and other informants, and perhaps not directly from the patients’ interview. A close observation of the patient’s capacity for attachment, trust, and empathy; tolerance, anger and expression should be conducted during the interview; the patient might convey his/her capacity to show restraint, accept responsibility for actions, and experience of guilt. A close assessment of factors such as cognitive functioning; mood, affect, self-esteem, and suicidal potential; presence and quality of peer relationships (loner, popular, drug-, crime-, or gang-oriented friends); and disturbances of ideation (inappropriate reactions to the environment, paranoia, dissociative episodes) may be the factors which can differentiate the CD from other disorders .

The Horrible Acts of Adolf Hitler - 1052 Words

Adolf Hitler- The name of whom once trembled the minds of people, and made one to remember one of the most inhumanely cruelty and crimes that the Nazis had ever committed in history of the world. The scar of horrible acts from Hitler and Germany forever remained on those who experienced the haunting war. The entire world was astonished to see what Germany was capable of doing under Hitler’s command. The Aryan, Lebensraum, a-thousand-year Reich were ideas that drove Hitler into the vicious leader of Germany. Many did not fully grasp the success of Hitler’s achievements despite the difficulties Germany had to face after World War I. In order to truly understand the famous Fuhrer’s success, one must understand that Hitler was more than any ambitious dictator with aspiring dreams for his beloved nation, but he was also a very persuasive man with an extremely brilliant mind, a strong influential leader and a master of warfare tactics as well as the art of propaganda. Such a mastermind behind the Nazis force was once a child with a difficult life. During most of his childhood, even when Hitler was a kid, he lived a very reserved and different life from others. On April 20, 1889, Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, a town located near the borders of Austria-Hungary. As a son of fifty-two year old Alois Schickelgruber Hitler and his third wife, Klara Poelzl, a twenty-eight year old peasant girl, Adolf Hitler was a resentful and disgruntled child. Growing up with the lack of affectionShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust, By Robert Burns1121 Words   |  5 PagesGermany led by Adolf Hitler from 1939 to 1945. There were millions of people that were cycled through the concentration camps that the Nazis built. The millions of people that were killed are just a small portion of the billions that were indirectly impacted by the horrible actions of the Nazis. 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Hilter was responsible for killing millions of innocent people, mostly of the Jewish religion. He was the chancellor of Germany for 12 years and the leader of the Nazi party. He was a very important person in history, most notably during World War II. When Hitler was young he moved to a town named Vienna, this is where he acquiredRead MoreAdolf Hitler : A Terrible Dictator1238 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler is seen as one of the most evil men to walk this earth. Deemed a horrible dictator, the millions of deaths under his rule has marked him as the world’s greatest enemy. The swastika, with the origin a sign of peace, is now seen as sign of hatred and racism. It has been over 60 years since his death and yet we all still know the name and rejoice his demise. There are hundreds of museums and tours around the world to commemorate the victims of his harsh ruling and ideas. We keep this storyRead MoreAdolf Hitler Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on April 20,1889. This was the beginning with horrible plans for power and control of other people.Some of the things that Hitler did throughout his life were very cruel things; first of all, he was a man who loved war and fighting. Second, he was in charge of putting all of the innocent Jews into Concentration Camps and killing them. Third, he wanted one dominate race of all the same kind of people. Fourth, he had a life long obsession with danger. FifthRead More Adolf Hitlers Leadership and the Government that Follows Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesrich exploit the proletariat.† This is the exact idea that Adolf Hitler had. If the people knew just how much strength they had as a whole, it was enough to over throw the power of one man. In Animal Farm, the pigs didn’t feel as if they were being treated equally and were able to over throw one leader who just so happens to be Mr. Frederick, the tough owner of Pinchfield who portrays Germany, or in finer terms, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was a dictator of the German Nazi movement. He was born AprilRead MoreHow Hitler Became Chancellor Of Germany1164 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, he immediately began enforcing an authoritative state. An authoritative state is a state favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom. Hitler started a world war to achieve his dream of world domination. The war left behind an estimated 72 million dead, among them 47 million civilians, of whom some six million were Jewish. Jews were the targets of the Holocaust because HitlerRead MoreA Dystopian Society Is An Imbalance Between The Government And The People Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany Luigi Zavala Ms. Underhill 6 HELA 21 November 2016 Thesis Statement: A dystopian society is an imbalance between the government and the people and how their choices affect the society in a bad way; Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany is a very good example of a dystopian society. By analyzing Nazi Germany and Hitler’s tyranny, one can notice Adolf’s changes in Germany, his impacts on people, and how the genres of literature can be taught throughRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1356 Words   |  6 PagesDuring World War II, the world witnessed unspeakable acts of violence, particularly that of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a mass genocide primarily of, but not limited to, the Jewish population in Germany, and other countries that were controlled by Germany. From 1941 to 1945, the Jews were targeted and methodically murdered because of Hitler’s views of his Utopian society made up of an Aryan a race. Hitler fought to create this society through creating an anti-Semitic movement, his motivationRead MoreT he Impacts of Adolf Hitler1199 Words   |  5 PagesWhat impacts did Hitler have at the time and later in history? The start of World War II was one of the biggest impacts. There were many countries involved in this war. The major countries under the allies were Britain, France, U.S., Soviet Union, and under the axis also had major countries like the Germany, japan, and Italy. The Germany was at its peak. And it was all because of one man, Adolf Hitler, he was one of the most dominant German leaders in history, no doubt about that. Other great leaders

How 9/11 Bombing Afeected On My Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 591 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: 9/11 Essay Did you like this example? Many people believe that the past is the past and we have no connection to history. However, many historical events affect our lives daily whether we realize it or not. History can also help us determine who we are based on our ancestors and their experiences. The 9/11 bombing is an event that has personally affected my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On September 11, 2001, around 9 A.M. Eastern time, was the beginning of 4 airplane crashes planned by al Qaeda. Two of the planes took down the World Trade Centers. Another plane was sent to the Pentagon, and one was prevented from attacking by brave passengers. This was the first aerial attack in 60 years. Around 3,000 Americans died and many were injured. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How 9/11 Bombing Afeected On My Life" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While this chaos was going on my mother was in labor with me. You can imagine the thoughts running through her head as she was giving birth to her first child in San Antonio, Texas on a base that was on lock down. My grandfather and uncle almost got locked out because of this. However, she pushed through and I was born a little less than 12 hours after the bombings first started.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I was younger I did not know the significance of my birthday day, to me it was just the day I was born. However, as I grew older, and we began to go over the bombing in school and I began to realize its significance. I was not the only one who noticed that I was born on a tragic day. The first time I can remember being ridiculed for this part of me I could not control is when I was in the fourth grade and was told that I was cursed because of the day I was born on. From that day on I noticed the look on peoples faces and the way they react to the knowledge of when I was born. Its almost as if I am given pity or expected not to be excited because of   this. Even worse was when the terrorist baby or terrorist jokes began as people grew older and understood the event even more.   I began to feel shame and when my birthday came around I would just keep my head down and hide. As Ive grown older Ive learned to ignore peoples looks, reactions, and jokes. While that has greatly impacted my life more than anybody can imagine the 9/11 bombing has also affected me in other ways. As I have gotten older Ive faced times when I have to fly on a plane to places. It seems simple, but not when you have aviophobia, or the fear of flying. This fear is triggered not only when I get on a plane but also when I think about getting on a plane, or even when I see pictures of planes. I get very anxious and question every little thing that happens, whether it is normal or not, and fear starts to overtake my mind.   The 9/11 bombing has intensified my fear because you never know when that could happen to you, and it only happened 17 years ago. The 9/11 bombing has greatly affected my personal life. Growing up it has affected my emotional connection to my birthday negatively. It has also increased my fear of flying which causes me great distress. I never thought that history could affect my life now. However, it is obvious that no matter who you are, how it affects you or in what aspect of your life it affects, history will affect you. Just like the September 11, 2001 bombing has affected me.

Do You Know How Many Types Of Digital Marketing - 932 Words

Do you know how many types of digital marketing are used in business? Can you name the various examples of digital marketing available in 2017? Would you believe it if I tell you that there are more than five digital marketing tools available? Yes, there are more than five digital marketing tools that can be used in business to reach its customers locally and worldwide. The concept of digital marketing is broad and is the phrase most commonly used today. It brings together all forms of marketing and operating by electronic devices (i.e., on mobile and onscreen). However, digital marketing is used to build awareness and to advertise a brand or goods online using all available digital channels. The following are some of the most popular†¦show more content†¦This develops trust and loyalty with a company while also promoting sales. PPC (pay per click) Pay for Clicks PCP It is known as paid search, a type of digital marketing in which sponsors pay a fee each time one of their ads is clicked. From many types of research done by Google Analytics, paid search is the most clicked advertisement among other types of digital promotion. A paid search is a way of buying visits to a company’s site, and not aiming to get those visits organically. Search engine advertising is a digital marketing method and is the most widespread form of PPC. In this process, paid advertisements are commonly located to the right or above of the ‘organic’ search results. The cost for paid search depends on the competitiveness of the keyword that you are bidding on. In 2016, PPC became critical for a digital marketing tool that is still being used by many companies. This suggests that people do not mind these advertisements, especially if the products and services, which are promoted, fit the customer s needs. Moreover, we use search engines w hen we look for goods and services; therefore, the results, including the ads, are very pertinent and audience-specific. Plus, Google has created an excellent method for assuring that the PPC ads meet the user’s needs. PPC is good for sponsors; they are offered alternative ways in marketing their products that had not been possible before.Show MoreRelatedIs Content Marketing The Right Way?1026 Words   |  5 PagesGoal: to post a guide on how to properly do content marketing Total Word Count In This Document: 1029 Title: ?Are You Doing Content Marketing The Right Way First off, what is content marketing? Essentially, content marketing is the successor to the dying practice of traditional marketing. Traditional marketing was the go-to marketing strategy of the pre-Information Age world. Traditional marketing included radio ads, magazine ads, and television commercials, all of which can now be fast-forwardedRead MoreThe Future Of Affiliate Partner Marketing1558 Words   |  7 PagesGoal: to write an article about how to improve the future of affiliate partner marketing Total Word Count In This Document: 1562 Title: ?Why The Future Of Affiliate Partners Depends On You? What are ?affiliate partners ?Affiliate partners? is a term that refers to a marketing partnership between two business entities that already have some corporate relationship. In the business world, ?affiliates? is a term that refers to a corporate entity that is related to another corporate entity butRead MoreThe New Age Of Digital Marketing1606 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone get back to you. But people can now make a post from an iPhone, Android, or a BlackBerry while they’re sitting in your restaurant.† In the early 1990s business had to create ways to draw its consumers from far and wide, instead of just from the local town’s folk. That is where the suggestion box came into play. Companies would ask its local population what they could do better. As Marketing caught up with the age of the Internet. It created something now known as Digital Marketing. Without thisRead MoreData And Facts Of Business1265 Words   |  6 PagesOrainti Data Facts Time In Business: 2012 Dashboard: No Contract Length: Undisclosed SEO Services: †¢ On Page SEO: Yes †¢ Content Marketing: Yes †¢ Social Media Management: No †¢ Video SEO: No †¢ Public Relations: No †¢ Pay Per Click (PPC) Campaigns: No Glassdoor Company Rating: None BBB: No file, no rating, http://www.bbb.org/search/?type=nameinput=oraintilocation=tobid=filter=businessradius=country=USA%2CCANlanguage=encodeType=YPPA Introduction Welcome to our Orainti review.Read MoreExamples Of Social Media Marketing Trends1069 Words   |  5 PagesStay Ahead of the Curve with These Social Media Marketing Trends for 2018 Social media trends you need to prepare for if you want to hit the ground running in 2018. The proven way of marketing is to promote your business where your target audience spends most of their time. And in this digital age, most of your target audience live on social media which makes it a convenient platform for brands. Social media allows you to reach your target demographics, distribute your content and build a followingRead MoreWhat Are The Best Forms Of Marketing For Small Business?938 Words   |  4 Pagesof must-do tasks. In order to compete effectively, business owners need to be ready to give marketing all it takes. Honestly, no matter how outstanding the product may be of a particular business is, without getting it to the views of the target customer, the organization will hardly make any profit. As noted before above, marketing is a core part of any business operation. It can make the difference a thriving business as well as struggling business. There are various forms of marketing availableRead MoreConcept And Value Of Integrated Marketing1475 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the concept and value of integrated marketing Total Words in this Document: Title: Marketing 101: you’ve got a Web site, opened a Facebook page, and signed up with an e-mail marketing platform. It’s great that your lists are growing, even though your workload is increasing, but you’re finding that your sales aren’t responding the same way. Integrated Marketing 101: your Web site, Facebook page, and e-mail campaigns work together to bring you qualified leads with a high close rate. WeRead MoreBusiness Blog Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesreally is no denying that a decent digital presence is massively important for your business. Much of what you do within your business will now be performed through online platforms and methods. From your marketing to your sales opportunities, there will always be things that you can take advantage of online. Your website is your head office, so to speak, it is your online hub and your digital shopfront. You can advertise on there, you can sell from there, and you can certainly gain presence and reviewsRead MoreE Mail Marketing : The Most Important Tool For Improving Customer Service, Engaging Customers, And Advertising1627 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrating nearly half of the survey participants believed they utilized digital marketing â€Å"poorly or very poorly.† Conversely, 7% of respondents described their current digital marketing as â€Å"very good or excellent.† Findings reflect digital marketing channel s used most often were company websites, SEO and social media; however, none of which were used very actively. Roughly half of the respondents considered their website as the most important tool for increasing sales. Correspondingly, websitesRead MoreFacebook Advertising Campaign1350 Words   |  6 PagesI recently wrote a blog post concentrating on a shift in the marketing industry from a traditional approach—involving flyers, postal mail, billboards, and radio ads—to an increasingly digital model driven by social media. In this post, I will focus on leveraging the most widely used social media platform by small businesses—Facebook. Facebook currently has 1.7 billion active users. Small business owners have taken notice of Facebook’s popularity, and have started to use the social network to engage

Elaine Free Essays

Xiamen university is not onlyl one among the prestigious 21 1 and 985 project universities. but also specialized In accounting profession. Career Objective Seeking for a challenging position in an organization that will allow me to display my xperience and good problem solving skills to make a company grow by solving their problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Elaine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking forward to, use my skills for the betterment of the company and to increase my potential as well. Work Experience Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited 10/2012-present Auditor Taiwan, Taipei My experience continues with cross-functional teams on statuary audits, half yearly reviews, financial advisory projects etc. with China Development Financial Holding. Deloitte honed me professionally by giving me extensive experience In undertaking he following responsibilities: C] Review and audit financial Information for stakeholders. Evaluate the effectiveness and competence of the internal control of clients. ? Communicate with clients to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently. ? Encourge my colleagues when they were under great pressure. Ernst Young Global Limited 07/201 1 -08/201 1 Intern C] Helped colleagues to deal with the about 300 confirmations of the client – Cathay Life Insurance Co. , Ltd. In 2days. o corrected a number when the last time footing before the printing the financial tatement for clients. ASUSTeK Computer Inc. How to cite Elaine, Papers

Nursing Case Study Pregnancy and Lactation

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Case Study for Medical? Answer: 1. The procedure followed for assessment of patient like Gwen who is a victim of violence involves predicting the immediate medical needs for treatment of patients injury and get her arranged in clinical care. As a professional, I will try to assess any connection between patients health issues and domestic violence and if there occurs any connection between both get the immediate care and treatment done for the patient. Further, evaluating the patients future risk of injury or death or any other harm due to violence as well as there is a specific need to evaluate the victims physical, psychological and spiritual factors of well-being (Humphreys Campbell, 2010). A request can be made to Gwens husband for letting stay along with me for handling the treatment process of Gwen, as I am a professional I have this authority, this procedure will be followed to have alone time with the patient. The patient is in the 2nd stage of abuser cycle that is the named as the acute violence stage. For future safety of Gwen, I will listening to the patients issue and provide a validating message to ensure safety. As a professional nurse, it is necessary to provide information to victim regarding the aspects of domestic violence and safety measures required to be taken by Gwen. In the serious case, I will provide a referral to local resources like advocacy, support system within the health care settings (McKinney et al. 2013). 2: At the time of intrapartum for pregnant women on drug influence like Martha, a special approach will be made to get in contact with addiction treatment provider to detect the level of drug dose at the time of admission and confirm the dosage of narcotic pain medications required to be given to the patient during labor. Basically, these pregnant women under the influence of drugs require a high dose of pain medication. This will be followed by the differential diagnosis of Martha for vomiting, nausea or any abdominal pain. The PICC will be needed when access to peripheral venous becomes difficult. Further, reviewing of new-born testing suggestion is done privately with patient (McKinney et al. 2013). After the birth of new-born in the postpartum stage, Martha will be put on pain medications followed by referral to specialist drug association midwife care. The drug screening of new-born baby will be performed after postpartum to detect any complications. This will be followed by individualized or residential treatment as prescribed by the doctor and providing education as well as life skills to the patient (Briggs et al. 2012). 3: As Jenny is a primipara becoming mother first time in life as well as she is very young by age also that is just 17years it is essential for her to understand the care process required for a new-born baby. The first time mother does not persist any previous experience in care handling of the new-born baby and there are certain changes that occur in a new-born child during first 48hours after birth. Therefore, it is important for Jenny to understand the care requirement of infant and get involved in care procedure as soon as possible. For encouraging Jenny to actively participate in the new-born care process, I will use the motivation techniques applied to mothers that involve providing education, describing life skills and providing knowledge on the importance of new-born care essentiality (McKinney et al. 2013). 4: For explaining the cause of this anomaly to Gina, I will demonstrate her the information on causative factors of disease. The cleft lip and palate (CLP) generally occurs as anomalies due to issues like velopharyngeal insufficiency (VIP) and secondary deformities. These anomalies occur generally due to either defect in genes or environmental stimulis creating defect in genes. The most commonly detected stimulis are maternal smoking, pesticide exposure, drugs, alcohol and use of lethal solvents. As a professional nurse, I can help in coping process to parents by consoling and providing information to them regarding the methods they can adopt for the treatment of child after birth. The most successful treatments are cleft lip surgery, treatment by latham appliance or tympanostomy tube. I would offer the guide for parents of the child with cleft lip and palate to these parents as a resource on their next prenatal visit (McKinney et al. 2013). 5: A comparison between pregnancy at 39years of age with 28years age women indicated various complications development in old age women that are like, increased chances to be affected with diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, placenta previa, placental abruption and pre-eclampsia. It is been analysed that pregnancy at the late 30s has increased chances to deliver an abnormal or awkward positioned baby at birth when compared with delivery at 28years of age. The body weight of the baby born in the late 30s is very low in comparison to the baby born at late 20s. The infant born by patient Maggie showed incompatibility to extra uterine life. For care of this infant, I can put the baby under special ICU and care conditions. I can provide counselling practices for mother along with making her aware of the precautions she needs to take for this situation of her child (McKinney et al. 2013). References Books Briggs, G. G., Freeman, R. K., Yaffe, S. J. (2012).Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Humphreys, J., Campbell, J. C. (2010).Family violence and nursing practice. Springer Publishing Company. McKinney, E. S., Murray, S. S., James, S. R., Nelson, K. (2013).Maternal-child nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.